This page was machine-translated from German. German original version
Glossary
More than 80 technical terms relating to batteries and cells, explained briefly and clearly – supported by sources from public authorities, standardisation bodies, research and manufacturer documentation.
A
- Ah / mAh
- Capacity: how much charge a cell or battery stores. 1 Ah = 1,000 mAh.
- Anode and cathode
- The two electrodes of a cell. In lithium-ion cells the anode is usually made of graphite and the cathode of a lithium-containing metal oxide.[1]
B
- Balancing
- Equalisation of the cell groups by the BMS so that all are equally charged.[2]
- Batteries Regulation (EU) 2023/1542
- Regulation on batteries and waste batteries, directly applicable throughout the EU, laying down requirements for sustainability, safety, labelling, collection and recycling. It has applied in principle since 18 February 2024 (certain parts later) and replaced the Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC with effect from 18 August 2025.[3]
- Battery pack
- A battery pack is a group of cells or modules that are connected or enclosed by a casing in such a way that they form a complete unit not intended to be opened by the end user. Under transport law, such packs are regarded as a “battery”.[3][4]
- Battery passport
- The battery passport is an electronic record containing information on the battery model and on the individual battery, accessible via a QR code. From 18 February 2027 it is mandatory for, among others, every LMT battery newly placed on the market; remanufactured batteries receive a new passport linked to the original one.[3]
- BMS
- Battery management system: monitors voltage, temperature and current and protects the cells.[2]
C
- C-rate
- The C-rate describes the charge or discharge current in relation to the capacity of a cell. At 1C a cell would theoretically be discharged in one hour, at 0.2 C in five hours. For a 3 Ah cell, 0.1 C therefore corresponds to 0.3 A.[5][6]
- Calendar ageing
- Calendar ageing is the capacity loss that occurs through time alone, even without use, for example through continued growth of the SEI. It is accelerated by high temperatures and a high state of charge during storage; the DGUV (German Social Accident Insurance) names storage temperatures above 25 °C as accelerating it.[7][6][8]
- Capacity upgrade
- Cell replacement with higher-capacity cells while keeping the same number of cells – only if the electronics and charger permit it.
Akku New’s working method
- CC/CV charging
- Standard method for lithium-ion batteries: first charging takes place at constant current (CC) up to the end-of-charge voltage, then at constant voltage (CV), during which the current gradually decreases. Once it falls below a specified cut-off current, the battery is considered full.[9][6]
- CE marking
- With the CE marking, the manufacturer declares that the battery meets the applicable EU requirements. It is affixed visibly, legibly and indelibly to the battery before it is placed on the market or, where that is not possible, to the packaging and accompanying documents.[3]
- Cell format (e.g. 18650, 21700)
- The number in the format designation of a cylindrical cell describes its dimensions: 21700 stands for about 21 mm diameter and 70 mm length, 18650 for about 18 mm diameter and 65 mm length. The exact maximum dimensions are given in the respective manufacturer’s data sheet.[10][11]
- Cell group
- Cells connected in parallel that together form one stage of the series connection. The weakest group limits the entire battery.[2]
- Cell holder
- Plastic frame that fixes the cells in a grid. At Akku New, designed in-house when needed and produced by 3D printing.
Akku New’s working method
- Cell matching (cell selection)
- For a battery pack, cells with properties that are as similar as possible are selected. Differences in internal resistance limit performance in series and, in parallel connection, lead to uneven current load, temperature differences and ageing at different rates; for remanufacturing, the EU Batteries Regulation requires a uniform state of health of the cells.[12][3]
- Cell replacement
- All cells of an existing battery are replaced; the casing, connectors and electronics are reused, provided they are in good order.
Akku New’s working method
- Cell reversal (polarity reversal)
- If a multi-cell battery pack is discharged very deeply, individual cells can be driven in the opposite direction and reverse their polarity. With NiMH this shortens service life and can lead to gas generation; in lithium-ion cells it can attack copper at the anode and lead to a short circuit via dendrites.[5][3]
- Charging in cold conditions
- Lithium-ion batteries should be brought to room temperature before charging and should not be charged at ambient temperatures below 0 °C. Low temperatures promote lithium plating, which accelerates ageing and can impair safety.[8][13]
- CID
- Current interrupt device that disconnects the cell in the event of overpressure or overcharging. In investigations it was missing in counterfeit cells.[14][15]
- Continuous current
- Maximum current that, according to the manufacturer, a cell may deliver continuously – under the temperature conditions stated in the data sheet.[16]
- Critical battery (safe location)
- A lithium-ion battery is considered critical if it can react due to an internal cause, for example an internal short circuit following mechanical stress; deeply discharged or overcharged batteries are also included. Such batteries are stored in a safe location (quarantine area) where a fire cannot spread.[8]
- Cycle
- A cycle consists of one charge and one discharge. How many such cycles a battery can perform under specified conditions before its capacity falls below a certain proportion of the rated capacity is stated as its cycle life.[3][5]
- Cycle ageing
- Cycle ageing refers to the capacity loss caused by charging and discharging. Influencing factors include temperature, charge and discharge current and the state-of-charge range used; lithium plating is a typical mechanism that occurs only during cycling.[6][5]
- Cycle life
- Cycle life indicates how many charge and discharge cycles a battery can perform under specified conditions before its capacity falls below a certain proportion of the rated capacity. The actual value depends heavily on temperature, depth of discharge, currents, and overcharging and deep discharge.[3][5]
- Cylindrical cell
- In a cylindrical cell (round cell), long strips of anode, separator and cathode are rolled up into a winding, inserted into a cylindrical metal casing, filled with electrolyte and sealed. Cylindrical cells are frequently used in power tools.[10]
D
- Dangerous goods
- Lithium batteries are classed as Class 9 dangerous goods for transport. Depending on the mode of transport, ADR (road), RID (rail), the IMDG Code (sea) or ICAO-TI/IATA-DGR (air) apply – for commercial and private shippers alike.[8][4]
- Deep discharge
- Discharging below the minimum voltage – causes permanent damage to the cell.[17]
E
- Electrolyte
- Conducts the lithium ions between the electrodes.[1]
- End-of-charge voltage
- Voltage up to which a cell is charged; for lithium-ion cells usually 4.2 V per cell.[16]
- End-of-discharge voltage
- The end-of-discharge voltage is the voltage specified by the manufacturer at which discharging is terminated. Discharging below it is referred to as deep discharge; for NiMH cells the usual value is 0.9 V per cell, for lithium-ion cells the value given in the data sheet applies.[8][5][19]
- Energy density (gravimetric and volumetric)
- Energy density indicates how much energy a cell stores per unit of mass (gravimetric, Wh/kg) or per unit of volume (volumetric, Wh/l). For example, one cell manufacturer states 230 Wh/kg and 615 Wh/l for a 21700 cell with 45 A discharge current; thicker, denser electrodes increase energy density but reduce current capability.[20][21]
- Extinguishing lithium batteries
- Burning lithium-ion batteries release irritant, corrosive and toxic gases; the cell casing can prevent the extinguishing agent from reaching the cell fire. Water with a high cooling effect is recommended to prevent further cells from going into thermal runaway; the DGUV (German Social Accident Insurance) views attempts to extinguish with fire extinguishers critically because of the risk to the person doing so.[8][22]
F
- Fast charging
- Fast charging means charging with a high current in order to shorten the charging time. In lithium-ion cells, very high charging currents can trigger lithium plating and cause capacity to drop quickly; with NiMH, too, charging in less than one hour can shorten cycle life.[19][5]
- Fuse (thermal fuse)
- A fuse permanently interrupts the circuit when a wire made of a low-melting metal is heated by excessive current and melts through. It is simple in design and is regarded as the oldest and still most widespread current-limiting device; unlike a PTC, it is used up once it has tripped.[18]
H
- High-current cell and high-energy cell
- Cells are designed either for high current capability (high-current or power cell) or for as much stored energy as possible (high-energy cell), as each limits the other. Internal resistance limits the power that can be delivered; the permissible continuous currents are stated in the data sheet of the respective cell.[10][23][21]
I
- IEC 62133-2
- International standard specifying safety requirements and tests for portable sealed rechargeable lithium cells and batteries made from them. It considers intended use as well as reasonably foreseeable misuse.[24]
- Internal resistance
- Internal resistance is the resistance to current flow within a cell; it determines how much power a cell can deliver and how much heat is generated in the process. The measured value depends on the measuring method, state of charge and temperature; a value measured with 1 kHz alternating current (AC internal resistance) is quick to determine but only partly describes behaviour under load.[3][23][12]
K
- Knee point
- The knee point is the point from which the capacity of an aged cell decreases significantly faster than before. In ageing tests at KIT, the rate of loss rose again as soon as only about 70 to 85 % of the nominal capacity remained.[6]
L
- LCO (lithium cobalt oxide)
- LiCoO₂ was the first commercialised cathode material for lithium-ion cells. It offers a high operating voltage and energy density; disadvantages are the high cost and limited availability of cobalt and only moderate thermal stability.[18]
- LiFePO₄ (LFP)
- Lithium iron phosphate: lithium cell with a nominal voltage of 3.2–3.3 V.[16]
- Lithium-ion battery
- Rechargeable battery in which lithium is present only in ionic form and moves between the electrodes during charging and discharging. A cell consists of a lithium-containing cathode, an anode, an anhydrous lithium-containing electrolyte and a separator.[4][8]
- Lithium plating
- In lithium plating, lithium is deposited as metal on the anode surface instead of being intercalated into the graphite. This is promoted by low temperatures, high charging currents, a high state of charge and overcharging; it accelerates ageing and can become a safety risk via dendrites.[13][6]
- Lithium polymer battery
- Lithium polymer batteries belong to the family of lithium-ion batteries and are treated in the same way under dangerous goods law. Depending on the design, the electrolyte in lithium-ion cells can be liquid, paste-like or solid.[4][8]
- LMO (lithium manganese oxide)
- LiMn₂O₄ is a cathode material with a spinel structure and an operating voltage similar to that of LCO (around 4 V). Manganese is abundant and cheaper than cobalt; capacity loss at high temperatures has so far limited its use mainly to low-cost cells.[18]
- LMT battery (light means of transport battery)
- An LMT battery is a sealed battery weighing up to 25 kg that supplies power for the traction of wheeled vehicles that can be powered by an electric motor alone or by a combination of motor and human power, e.g. an e-bike battery. Specific obligations apply to it, for example regarding collection, replaceability and, from 2027, the battery passport.[3]
- LTO (lithium titanate)
- Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ is used instead of graphite as an anode material. Because of its higher potential (1.55 V vs. Li/Li⁺), no lithium dendrites form, and the material hardly changes its volume during charging; this enables high cycle counts and fast charging, albeit with lower energy density.[25]
M
- Memory effect
- Apparent loss of capacity due to frequent partial discharging, known from older nickel cells. Lithium-ion cells do not have a memory effect.[1]
N
- NCA (lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide)
- In NCA, a nickel-rich cathode is stabilised by a small proportion of aluminium; LiNi₀.₈Co₀.₁₅Al₀.₀₅O₂ is typical. The material achieves high capacities and is used mainly in high-energy cells.[18][21]
- NiCd / NiMH
- Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride: older cell types with 1.2 V per cell, for example in power-tool batteries.[16]
- Nickel strip
- Connector between the cells, attached by spot welding.[26]
- NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide)
- NMC cathodes are created when part of the cobalt in LCO is replaced by nickel and manganese; this increases the usable capacity and reduces the cobalt requirement. Nickel-rich variants such as NMC811 achieve particularly high capacities.[18][21]
- Nominal voltage
- Average voltage of a cell: lithium-ion 3.6–3.7 V, LiFePO₄ 3.2 V, NiCd and NiMH 1.2 V.[16]
O
- Open-circuit voltage (rest voltage)
- The open-circuit voltage is the voltage of a cell with no current flowing. Under load the terminal voltage is lower, because voltage drops across the internal resistance and due to polarisation effects; with no current flowing, this voltage drop is zero.[23]
P
- Portable battery
- Under the EU Batteries Regulation, a portable battery is a sealed battery weighing up to 5 kg that is not designed specifically for industrial purposes and is neither an electric vehicle battery, an LMT battery nor an SLI battery. This can include, for example, batteries for tools and household appliances.[3]
- Pouch cell
- In a pouch cell, several anodes and cathodes, separated by separators, are stacked alternately and sealed in a flexible foil. Instead of a rigid metal casing, it has only this foil envelope; pouch cells are often found in smartphones and similar devices.[10]
- Prismatic cell
- A prismatic cell has a similar internal structure to a pouch cell but is housed in a rigid, rectangular casing; the electrodes can be stacked or wound. According to Fraunhofer FFB, its strengths lie in safety and thermal management, its weaknesses in power and energy density.[10]
- PTC
- Internal protective component against overcurrent in high-quality cylindrical cells.[14]
- Pulse spot welding
- Joining cells and nickel strips with very short, strong current pulses. This keeps the heat in the cell low; cell manufacturers specify welding instead of soldering.[26]
R
- Rated capacity (nominal capacity)
- The rated capacity is the capacity in Ah or mAh stated by the manufacturer, measured at a specified load, temperature and end-of-discharge voltage. It is the reference value for figures such as state of charge, capacity loss and cycle life.[4][3]
- Rating plate
- Label on the battery stating voltage, capacity and often energy (Wh). The basis for any assessment.
- Recycling efficiency
- Recycling efficiency indicates what proportion by mass of a waste battery is recovered as usable material in the recycling process. For lithium batteries, the EU requires at least 65 % by the end of 2025 and 70 % by the end of 2030, plus minimum rates for the recovery of cobalt, nickel, copper and lithium.[3]
- Removability and replaceability
- From 18 February 2027, portable batteries must be removable and replaceable by the end user using commercially available tools (with exceptions). For LMT batteries, the battery and also the individual cells in the battery pack must be readily removable and replaceable by independent professionals; software must not make replacement more difficult.[3]
- Round-trip efficiency
- Round-trip efficiency is the ratio of the energy delivered during discharging to the energy required to restore the initial state of charge. According to the DGUV (German Social Accident Insurance), lithium-ion batteries achieve a high efficiency of around 95 %; losses arise mainly as heat at the internal resistance.[3][8][23]
S
- S / P
- Series (the voltage adds up) and parallel (the capacity adds up), e.g. 10S4P.[1]
- SEI (solid electrolyte interphase)
- The SEI is a thin surface layer on the anode formed from decomposition products of the electrolyte. It conducts ions but blocks electrons, thereby protecting against further electrolyte decomposition; its formation consumes part of the capacity during the first charge.[27]
- Self-discharge
- Slow loss of charge without a load; low in lithium-ion cells.[1]
- Separate collection symbol
- Since 18 August 2025, all batteries must bear the symbol for separate collection (crossed-out wheeled bin). If a battery contains more than 0.002 % cadmium or 0.004 % lead, the chemical symbol Cd or Pb is additionally shown below it.[3]
- Separator
- Thin separating layer between anode and cathode that prevents a short circuit.[1]
- Shutdown separator
- A shutdown separator consists of several plastic layers (e.g. polyethylene and polypropylene). If it overheats, the polyethylene layer melts and closes the pores, so that the ion flow is interrupted; if the temperature continues to rise, the separator can nevertheless melt and cause a short circuit.[18][8]
- SoC / SoH
- State of Charge and State of Health (ageing condition).[2]
- Special provision 188 (ADR)
- Special provision 188 of the ADR simplifies the road transport of small lithium cells and batteries: lithium-ion cells up to 20 Wh and batteries up to 100 Wh are not subject to the other ADR provisions, provided certain conditions are met. These include, among others, a passed UN 38.3 test, short-circuit protection, strong packaging, the Wh rating on the casing and the lithium battery mark.[28]
- Storage (state of charge and temperature)
- According to the German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), manufacturers recommend a state of charge of about 40 to 50 % and temperatures of 10 to 25 °C for longer storage, not in the refrigerator (condensation). Because of self-discharge, the battery should be recharged as needed to avoid deep discharge.[22][8]
- Sub-C
- Nickel cylindrical cell measuring about 22–23 mm × 42–43 mm, common in older power-tool batteries.[16]
- Swollen battery
- Lithium batteries that are swollen, deformed, have vented gas or leaked, or show a greasy film on the terminals are defective and pose an increased risk. They should not be used further or opened, but taken without delay to a collection point in a suitable container with their terminals taped over; point out the damage when doing so.[22]
T
- Temperature sensor (NTC)
- In battery packs, temperature is usually measured at specific points on the surface or at the terminals of individual cells, often with NTC thermistors (temperature-dependent resistors). The BMS uses these values, among other things, to prevent charging when the battery is too cold or too warm.[29][30][8]
- Terminal protection (taping terminals, terminal caps)
- Exposed terminals of a battery should be protected against external short circuits during transport, storage and disposal, for example by taping them over, using terminal caps or inner packaging. Even discharged batteries can still deliver high short-circuit currents.[22][8]
- Thermal propagation
- Thermal propagation means that the thermal runaway of one cell heats neighbouring cells and ignites them as well. In a battery pack, a fire can thus spread from cell to cell, often with considerable release of gas.[8][3]
- Thermal runaway
- In thermal runaway, a lithium-ion cell decomposes in a self-reinforcing manner due to overheating; from about 80 °C internal decomposition begins, which can lead to fire and temperatures of around 1,400 °C. A lower state of charge reduces the tendency towards it.[8][4]
- Trickle charge
- A trickle charge is a very small continuous charging current that compensates for self-discharge. For NiMH, one manufacturer recommends less than 0.025 C (C/40) to keep overcharging to a minimum; chargers for lithium-ion batteries, by contrast, stop charging once full charge is reached.[5][8]
U
- UN 3480 and UN 3481
- These UN numbers identify lithium-ion batteries under dangerous goods law: UN 3480 applies to batteries on their own (e.g. a battery pack shipped individually), UN 3481 to batteries installed in a device or packed with a device. For lithium metal batteries, UN 3090 and UN 3091 apply.[4][28]
- UN 38.3 (test summary)
- Lithium cells and batteries may only be transported if their type has passed the tests in accordance with the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part III, sub-section 38.3. The tests include, among others, altitude simulation, thermal test, vibration, shock, short circuit, impact/crush, overcharge and forced discharge; manufacturers and distributors must provide a test summary.[8][4]
V
- Venting (outgassing)
- If the pressure in a cell rises too far, it releases its contents through a pressure relief valve provided by the manufacturer; otherwise it may burst. The escaping gases (“venting gases”) are flammable, toxic and corrosive; the conducting salt LiPF₆ can react with atmospheric moisture to form hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid).[8][18]
W
No term found. You are welcome to ask us directly.
Sources (30)
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- Fraunhofer IIS: Batteriemanagementsysteme [Battery management systems] (product sheet). Link
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- International Air Transport Association (IATA): Battery Guidance Document (Revised for the 2026 Regulations), Definitionen, Stand 01.01.2026. Link
- Energizer Battery Manufacturing Inc.: Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Handbook and Application Manual, Version NiMH02.01, ©2010. Link
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