Questa pagina è stata tradotta automaticamente dal tedesco. Versione originale in tedesco

Fonti

Le nostre spiegazioni riassumono in forma semplificata pubblicazioni di associazioni di settore, autorità, istituti di ricerca e produttori di celle.

  1. VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik (associazione tedesca dell’elettrotecnica): FAQ Batterien (domande frequenti sulle batterie). Link
  2. Umweltbundesamt (Agenzia federale tedesca per l’ambiente): Lithium-Batterien und Lithium-Ionen-Akkus (Umwelttipps für den Alltag) – pile al litio e batterie agli ioni di litio, consigli ambientali per la vita quotidiana. Link
  3. Umweltbundesamt (Agenzia federale tedesca per l’ambiente): Sachgemäßer Umgang mit Lithium-Batterien und -Akkus (uso corretto di pile e batterie al litio). Link
  4. Fraunhofer IIS: Batteriemanagementsysteme (sistemi di gestione della batteria, scheda prodotto). Link
  5. C. Kairies: Batteriealterung (invecchiamento delle batterie). Relazione, Università di Paderborn, 2019. Link
  6. Panasonic: specifica della cella agli ioni di litio NCR18650B (“Do not directly solder to the battery”, collegamento mediante saldatura a punti) e scheda di dati di sicurezza Sanyo/Panasonic SDS-IBT-00026 (2018). Link
  7. M. J. Brand, P. A. Schmidt, M. F. Zaeh, A. Jossen: Welding techniques for battery cells and resulting electrical contact resistances. Journal of Energy Storage 1 (2015) 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.est.2015.04.001 Link
  8. Dati dei produttori delle celle: LG (INR18650-MJ1, -M29, -M26/M26S, INR18650-HE2), Sony/Murata (US18650VTC4, VTC5, VTC6), Panasonic NCR18650PF e Axcom Sub-C (YT2000SCP, YT3000SCP), come esempi tecnici; Molicel INR21700-P45B; Samsung INR21700-50E; Lithium Werks ANR26650M1B; cella LiFePO4 IFR32700 (dato del rivenditore). Link
  9. UL (Underwriters Laboratories): Counterfeit Batteries eGuide. Link
  10. J. Jeevarajan: Limitations of Internal Protective Devices in High-Voltage/High-Capacity Batteries Using Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Commercial Cells. NASA NESC Technical Bulletin 09-02, 2009. Link
  11. Lumafield: Battery Quality Report – analisi TC di 1.054 celle in formato 18650 (2025). Link
  12. Dati dei produttori: Shimano BT-E8035 e BT-E6010 (bike.shimano.com); Bosch PowerTube 500/750 (secondo le pagine prodotto di Canyon); Makita BL1850B (secondo RS Components). Link
  13. Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV, assicurazione sociale tedesca contro gli infortuni sul lavoro): DGUV Information 205-041 “Brandschutz beim Umgang mit Lithium-Ionen-Batterien” (protezione antincendio nella manipolazione di batterie agli ioni di litio), edizione febbraio 2024, sezioni 4.2 (p. 20: apporto di calore durante il collegamento) e 4.3 (p. 23: non manomettere né “riparare” la batteria). Link

Altre fonti nel glossario

  • American Chemical Society / PubMed Central: In Situ Optical Fiber Sensing of Internal Temperature Evolution during Lithium-Ion Battery Cycling (Zeng et al.), ACS Omega, DOI 10.1021/acsomega.5c07124, 2025. Link
  • American Chemical Society / PubMed Central: Overcoming the Energy vs Power Dilemma in Commercial Li-Ion Batteries via Sparse Channel Engineering (Kim et al.), DOI 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01727, 2024. Link
  • Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz / Gewerbeaufsicht Bayern: Merkblatt Sondervorschrift 188 (SV 188), Stand April 2025. Link
  • Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV): DGUV Information 205-041: Brandschutz beim Umgang mit Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, Abschnitt 6.1, Februar 2024. Link
  • E-One Moli Energy Corp. (Molicel): INR-18650-P28A – Produktdaten, abgerufen Oktober 2026. Link
  • E-One Moli Energy Corp. (Molicel): INR-21700-P42A – Produktdaten, abgerufen Oktober 2026. Link
  • Energizer Battery Manufacturing Inc.: Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Handbook and Application Manual, Version NiMH02.01, ©2010. Link
  • Europäisches Parlament und Rat der EU (EUR-Lex): Verordnung (EU) 2023/1542, Artikel 3 Nr. 50, 2023. Link
  • Fraunhofer-Einrichtung Forschungsfertigung Batteriezelle (FFB): The cell designs by Fraunhofer FFB, Blogbeitrag 2023, abgerufen Oktober 2026. Link
  • International Air Transport Association (IATA): Battery Guidance Document (Revised for the 2026 Regulations), Definitionen, Stand 01.01.2026. Link
  • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): IEC 62133-2:2017+AMD1:2021 CSV – Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells … Part 2: Lithium systems, Erstausgabe 2017-02-07, konsolidiert mit Amendment 1 (2021). Link
  • Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) / Springer Nature: Comprehensive battery aging dataset: capacity and impedance fade measurements of a lithium-ion NMC/C-SiO cell (Luh, Blank; KIT) – Scientific Data, DOI 10.1038/s41597-024-03831-x, 2024. Link
  • MDPI / PubMed Central: Cause and Mitigation of Lithium-Ion Battery Failure—A Review (Kaliaperumal et al.), DOI 10.3390/ma14195676, 2021. Link
  • MDPI / PubMed Central: Comparison of Several Methods for Determining the Internal Resistance of Lithium Ion Cells (Schweiger et al.), DOI 10.3390/s100605604, 2010. Link
  • MDPI / PubMed Central: Fabrication of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries (Julien, Mauger), Micromachines 15(3):310, DOI 10.3390/mi15030310, 2024. Link
  • MDPI / PubMed Central: Individual Cell-Level Temperature Monitoring of a Lithium-Ion Battery Pack (Alcock et al.), Sensors 23(9):4306, DOI 10.3390/s23094306, 2023. Link
  • Springer Nature: Extreme fast charging of commercial Li-ion batteries via combined thermal switching and self-heating approaches (Zeng et al.), Nature Communications, DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-38823-9, 2023. Link
  • Springer Nature / PubMed Central: A study of the influence of measurement timescale on internal resistance characterisation methodologies for lithium-ion cells (Barai et al.), Scientific Reports 8:21, DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-18424-5, 2018. Link
  • Springer Nature / PubMed Central: Optimized Multi-Stepped constant current constant voltage fast charging controller for lithium-ion batteries (Magdy et al.), Scientific Reports, DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-25924-2, 2025. Link
  • The Electrochemical Society / IOP Publishing: Calendar Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: I. Impact of the Graphite Anode on Capacity Fade (Keil et al.; TU München), JES 163(9):A1872, DOI 10.1149/2.0411609jes, 2016. Link
  • The Electrochemical Society / IOP Publishing: Enhanced Fast Charging and Reduced Lithium-Plating by Laser-Structured Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (Habedank et al.; TU München), DOI 10.1149/2.1241915jes, 2019. Link
  • The Electrochemical Society / IOP Publishing: Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future (Peled, Menkin), Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164(7):A1703, DOI 10.1149/2.1441707jes, 2017. Link
  • Umweltbundesamt (UBA): Sachgemäßer Umgang mit Lithium-Batterien und -Akkus unerlässlich, zuletzt aktualisiert 24.10.2023. Link